In theory, a company valued at $1B has more room to grow to be a $10B or even a $50 company if it does well. That means your stock could grow 6-30x during that time. A $500B company on the other hand is very unlikely to even double to be a $1T company (law of large numbers).
The reality is more complicated, though. Companies could very well stagnate or shrink and even if they're worth $1B now there's no guarantee they'll ever grow. OTOH, a larger company maybe more generous with refreshers and bonuses, so the risk adjusted growth rate might be comparable.
Google. Secure the big name early in your career. Work there at least a year then do what you want. Google on a CV is basically an auto interview anywhere in the world. Same doesn't go quite as far with any other company.
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A $500B company on the other hand is very unlikely to even double to be a $1T company (law of large numbers).
The reality is more complicated, though. Companies could very well stagnate or shrink and even if they're worth $1B now there's no guarantee they'll ever grow. OTOH, a larger company maybe more generous with refreshers and bonuses, so the risk adjusted growth rate might be comparable.